IoT Basics Popularization IoT Market and Trend Research Wireless Standards for IoT

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来源：电子纸产业联盟

IoT platforms typically provide these types of services:

Adaptable: IoT systems can dynamically adapt to changing environments based on operating conditions, user input, or perceived information. 

Uniquely identifiable: Every IoT device has a unique identity, such as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Through these IoT device addresses, users can query, monitor and control devices remotely. 

Auto-Configurable: IoT devices in the network can be auto-configured, enabling many IoT-enabled devices to cooperate with each other to provide full system functionality. 

Network integration: IoT devices can be integrated into an IoT network to enable communication between nodes, gateways, and infrastructure.

Make informed decisions: IoT devices can make decisions that adapt to changing environmental conditions.

IoT market and trend research

Consumers, businesses, and governments are all adopting the Internet of Things at a rapid pace. Key markets include home electronics (such as televisions and other home entertainment systems), home appliances (such as washers and dryers), automotive components and driver interfaces, and safety systems. IoT also plays an important role in wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness monitors, and health monitors. In cities, local governments are deploying IoT to improve efficiency and reduce expenses. Even the military is taking advantage of the Internet of Things, using robots for surveillance and wearable biometrics for the battlefield.

The future looks even brighter, according to research firms that study technology trends. Some of the predictions below illustrate the extraordinary growth potential of the Internet of Things:

Statista predicts that the global IoT market is expected to grow to $1.6 trillion by 2025. 

Frost & Sullivan predicts that by 2025, the world's top 600 smart cities will account for 60% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). Smart cities will represent a $2 trillion technology market by 2025, with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things being the main drivers. 

According to Strategy Analytics, purchases of smart home devices are expected to exceed 1.94 billion by 2023, and device sales will also exceed $78 billion by then. 

According to Grand View Research, the medical IoT is expected to be worth $534.3 billion by 2025. 

According to Grand View Research, the industry of precision agriculture (using IoT technology to simplify every agricultural production process as much as possible and make it more efficient) is expected to be worth $43 billion by 2025. 

Identify wireless standards driving IoT

Currently, we use multiple wireless technology standards to connect IoT devices. Some of these are familiar technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Zigbee, while others are less common proprietary solutions. Figure 1-2 summarizes the current situation. According to the scope, it can be divided into three parts. As shown in Figure 1-2, from the user's perspective, the entire IoT ecosystem has become cluttered and difficult to manage due to the use of multiple standards. 

Companies producing IoT products typically choose the criteria to use based on scope and data type. For example, they may need to transmit media content or sensor-control data. Faced with a range of standard and proprietary technologies, system designers can choose the technology best suited to optimize the performance of their end-user equipment. But it may not always be that simple for the end user.

For example, thermostats can share data about temperature and fan operation. The new Matter standard will support both applications, using a common way to communicate with thermostats and fans.

Matter will support end devices or nodes, the "things" in the Internet of Things, which will communicate with many Wi-Fi network pods. 

Pods are placed in appropriate locations within a network (such as a home) and automatically connect to the main router. The main router is then connected to the Internet. This eliminates wireless dead zones and eliminates the need to be near routers or repeaters, extending the network signal. 

Taken together, Matter brings together several elements of IoT, such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Bluetooth Low Energy. The integration of these individual IoT standards will help IoT further improve interoperability, making the entire ecosystem easy to plug and play. 

Ultimately, Matter allows the average, non-technical consumer to choose whatever IoT device they like, beyond being limited to a proprietary ecosystem that doesn't support interoperability.

UWB

Figure 1-2 also shows another emerging technology called ultra-wideband (UWB). UWB is widely used in precise micro-positioning IoT solutions. It accurately and reliably measures device distance and location, both indoors and outdoors, with extremely low power consumption. 

Ultra Wideband is a radio technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4a and 802.15.4z standards that enables more precise time-of-flight measurements of radio signals, enabling distance/position measurements with centimeter-level accuracy. It can provide up to 27 Mbps of data communication capability and consumes very little power, so the device can run on a coin cell battery for years without recharging or replacing. UWB also provides a new method of wireless secure communication, opening the door to a variety of new modes of secure transactions. 

This technology standard will open up new IoT use cases in the smart home, secure keyless entry in cars, secure payment processing, and Industry 4.0. You can learn more about UWB technology by reading a Qorvo-specific edition of Qorvo's other book, UWB For Dummies. The book is available at the Qorvo Design Hub (link: www.qorvo.com/design-hub/ebooks). 

UWB can fit well into the IoT ecosystem. It is safe, accurate, battery powered and suitable for many applications in IoT. Although UWB is suitable for many applications, some of which are yet to be explored, it is initially aimed at use cases in proximity access control, location services and peer-to-peer applications. It becomes one of the radio frequency (RF) chains in new smartphones, enabling smart car access, secure building access, and smart home device connectivity. 

Both individuals and businesses want to be able to locate anything in real time, no matter how big or small. For IoT and smart home applications, UWB asset tags are more accurate than previously used Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, only approximate locations can be located through asset tags, but using ultra-wideband, accurate positioning can be achieved. For example, a Bluetooth tag would show that your keys are in an area of ​​a room or living room, but an ultra-wideband would show an asset tag or a key dropped under a couch cushion.

UWB also opens up a new world of gestures, which means voice commands can sometimes be used as a second option for launching apps. For example, lights turn on automatically when you enter a room, or your computer turns on automatically when you sit at your desk. UWB makes such applications a reality, opening up many new and transformative use cases. 

To ensure that interoperability is maintained when using UWB, the Fine Ranging (FiRa) Alliance has regrouped more than 50 companies in the semiconductor, automotive, infrastructure and consumer sectors to actively work on defining protocol definitions to guarantee their interoperability. This enables developers to use UWB for many new applications, such as augmented reality, smart home applications and mobile payments. 

5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E

5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E are two key technologies driving IoT adoption, as businesses, homes and cities around the world digitize wireless and wired ecosystems. These two technologies will enable further advancements in integration, packaging and performance.

Wi-Fi 6/6E is the latest Wi-Fi standard, offering higher data rates and coverage than previous versions. This new version also extends security protocols, making it harder to crack device passwords. 

Wi-Fi 6 offers faster speeds, greater capacity (both in terms of data rates and connecting users or devices), lower power consumption, and greater security. Wi-Fi 6E delivers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 (including higher performance, lower latency, and faster data rates) while extending Wi-Fi to the 6 GHz band. It also offers more than twice the spectrum of Wi-Fi 6, with an additional seven non-overlapping bandwidth 160 MHz channels. These extra channels will reduce congestion, improve performance, and reduce latency. 

Wi-Fi 6/6E covers small-scale networks that support IoT devices such as smart thermostats and security cameras. In contrast, cellular networks such as 5G provide global network coverage for mobile devices. 5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E work together to help IoT reach its full potential.

5G networks can be configured to meet the needs of a variety of different applications, each supporting a different type of user equipment. These applications can be roughly divided into three categories:

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMMB)

Ultra-Reliable Low Latency (uRLLC)

Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)

IoT covers mMTC and uRLLC applications. 

These 5G applications will be able to support more IoT devices and data in the future. In addition, 5G will increase the adoption of edge computing for faster processing of data near the point of operation, which will provide a springboard for further adoption of IoT in wireless and wired ecosystems. However, Wi-Fi is an unlicensed-band technology, and cellular 5G is a licensed-band service, so deploying new device connections may incur additional costs. 

For more information on 5G, visit www.qorvo.com/design-hub/ebooks/5g-rf-for-dummies. 

More about WI-FI 6/6E

Wi-Fi 6E can provide the features and capacity of Wi-Fi 6 (including higher performance, lower latency, and faster data rates), but expand Wi-Fi 6 into the 6 GHz band. 

This additional 6 GHz spectrum is a landmark expansion since Wi-Fi was first offered. The 6 GHz Wi-Fi 6E spectrum provides additional non-overlapping channels, providing twice the capacity of existing Wi-Fi 6 spectrum. 

Wi-Fi 6 uses the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands (up to 5835 MHz). The Wi-Fi Alliance allows Wi-Fi 6E to offer 14 80 MHz channels and 7 160 MHz channels. Wi-Fi 6E adds seven 160 MHz channels in the 5,925 to 7,125 MHz frequency range.

Wi-Fi 6E is an implementation of the Wi-Fi 6 standard. This 6 GHz new spectrum is also used to enhance and expand Wi-Fi 6's capabilities beyond the 5 GHz band to provide additional non-overlapping channels. These extra channels can reduce congestion, especially in areas where multiple networks operate simultaneously. By providing 7 additional 160 MHz channels, you can improve performance and reduce latency in your frequency range, but for other high frequency ranges, there is still distance and obstruction factors when transmitting and receiving signals. 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi channel ranges vary. 

Wi-Fi 6E improves performance, using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and open spectrum to overcome the coverage challenges inherent in high-frequency channels, ensuring full coverage of a home or building, and delivering optimal throughput/capacity. 

Wi-Fi 6/6E can also provide the same experience to more users on the same network. In addition, Wi-Fi 6 will achieve 1.2 Gbps network speed, while Wi-Fi 6E will achieve theoretical speeds of 5.4 Gbps to 10 Gbps, which is a huge improvement over Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6.